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gender identity
Gender identity is one's personal experience of one's own gender.〔''Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression in Social Work Practice'', edited by Deana F. Morrow and Lori Messinger (2006, ISBN 0231501862), page 8: "Gender identity refers to an individual's personal sense of identity as masculine or feminine, or some combination thereof."〕 All societies have a set of gender categories that can serve as the basis of the formation of a person's social identity in relation to other members of society.〔V. M. Moghadam, ''Patriarchy and the politics of gender in modernising societies'', in ''International Sociology'', 1992: "All societies have gender systems."〕 In most societies, there is a basic division between gender attributes assigned to males and females, a gender binary to which most people adhere and which enforces conformance to ideals of masculinity and femininity in all aspects of sex and gender: biological sex, gender identity, and gender expression.〔Jack David Eller, ''Culture and Diversity in the United States'' (2015, ISBN 1317575784), page 137: "most Western societies, including the United States, traditionally operate with a binary notion of sex/gender"〕 In all societies, some individuals do not identify with some (or all) of the aspects of gender that are assigned to their biological sex;〔For example, "transvestites (do not identify with the dress assigned to their sex ) existed in almost all societies." (G. O. MacKenzie, ''Transgender Nation'' (1994, ISBN 0879725966), page 43.) — "There are records of males and females crossing over throughout history and in virtually every culture. It is simply a naturally occurring part of all societies." (Charles Zastrow, ''Introduction to Social Work and Social Welfare: Empowering People'' (2013, ISBN 128554580X), page 234, quoting the North Alabama Gender Center.)〕 some of those individuals are transgender or genderqueer. Some societies have third gender categories.
Core gender identity is usually firmly formed by age three. After age three, it is extremely difficult to change,〔 and attempts to reassign it can result in gender dysphoria.〔 Both biological and social factors have been suggested to influence its formation.
==Age of formation==
There are several theories about how and when gender identity forms, and studying the subject is difficult because children's lack of language requires researchers to make assumptions from indirect evidence.〔Boles, 2013. Pages 101-102.〕 John Money suggested children might have awareness of and attach some significance to gender as early as 18 months to two years; Lawrence Kohlberg argues that gender identity does not form until age three.〔 It is widely agreed that core gender identity is firmly formed by age three.〔〔A few authorities say it forms between ages 3-4 rather than precisely at age 3, e.g. George J. Bryjak and Michael P. Soraka, ''Sociology: Cultural Diversity in a Changing World'' (ed. Karen Hanson), Allyn & Bacon, 1997; 209-245〕 At this point, children can make firm statements about their gender〔〔 and tend to choose activities and toys which are considered appropriate for their gender〔 (such as dolls and painting for girls, and tools and rough-housing for boys),〔Christopher Bates Doob, ''Social Inequality and Social Stratification in US Society''〕 although they do not yet fully understand the implications of gender.〔 After age three, core gender identity is extremely difficult to change,〔〔 and attempts to reassign it can result in gender dysphoria.〔〔E. Coleman, ''Developmental stages of the coming out process'', in ''Journal of homosexuality'', 1982: "Core gender and sex-role identities are well-formed by the age of 3 (Money & Ehrhardt, 1972). This is believed because attempts to reassign gender identity after age 3 result in further gender dysphoria."〕 Gender identity refinement extends into the fourth〔J. A. Kleeman, ''The establishment of core gender identity in normal girls. I.(a) Introduction;(b) Development of the ego capacity to differentiate'', in the ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'', 1971: "Though gender identity formation continues into young adulthood and core gender identity establishment extends into the fourth year and possibly longer, core gender identity is fairly firmly formed by age 3()"〕 to sixth years of age,〔〔Stein MT, Zucker KJ, Dixon SD. December, 1997. "Gender Identity", ''The Nurse Practitioner''. Vo. 22, No. 12, P. 104〕 and continues into young adulthood.〔
Martin and Ruble conceptualize this process of development as three stages: (1) as toddlers and preschoolers, children learn about defined characteristics, which are socialized aspects of gender; (2) around the ages of 5–7 years, identity is consolidated and becomes rigid; (3) after this "peak of rigidity," fluidity returns and socially defined gender roles relax somewhat. Barbara Newmann breaks it down into four parts: (1) understanding the concept of gender, (2) learning gender role standards and stereotypes, (3) identifying with parents, and (4) forming gender preference.
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